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The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical cointegration, long-run and short-run dynamics as well as causal relationship between electricity consumption and real GDP in Bangladesh for the period of 1971‒2014.

Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) “Bound Test” approach is employed for the investigation in this study.

Both short-run and long-run coefficients are providing strong evidence of having positive significant association between electricity consumption and GDP. Our long-run results remain robust to different measurements and estimators as well. The study reveals the unidirectional causal flow running from per capita electricity consumption to per capita real GDP in the short run. The study result also yields strong evidence of bidirectional causal relationship between per capita electricity consumption and per capita real GDP in the long run with feedback. It is suggested that both electricity generation and conservation policy will be effective for Bangladesh economy.

In prior studies, lack of causality between electricity consumption and GDP is due to the omitted variables. Combined effects of public spending and trade openness on GDP and electricity consumption are also considerable.

In today's competitive retail industry maintaining relationships with suppliers has become very important to modern day retailers. To develop and maintain long‐term relationships with their suppliers, retailers need to identify and understand the key antecedents enhancing the quality of their relationships. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the cost related factors on relationship quality in the retail industry.

This study is exploratory in nature and involved factor and multiple regression analysis. Data were cross sectional in nature and the unit of analysis was individual retail companies in Bangladesh.

Results derived from the exploratory factor analysis revealed a new factor named operational cost. The results of the regression analysis showed that termination cost became the strongest predictor influencing the quality of a retailer's relationship with its suppliers.

The characteristics of the three cost related factors from the study indicated that future research should focus on and incorporate other factors influencing relationship quality in retail settings.

The results from the study identified a few key cost factors, based upon which the retailers can take necessary steps to develop effective relationship marketing strategies with their suppliers.

The findings from this research can guide retailers to enhance their relationship with their suppliers, thus contributing toward a more harmonious working environment within the B2B domain.

The research is based on primary data collected from Bangladesh's retail industry.